Mean State

Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 7.30
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 5.59 -4.93 5.08 4.08 0.00 0.00 0.244 0.0610
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 5.05 -7.00 7.07 4.08 0.00 0.863 0.244 0.492
CanESM2 [-] 3.72 -2.74 3.99 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.933 0.233
CanESM5 [-] 6.65 -4.22 4.24 1.02 0.00 0.346 0.933 0.406
CESM1-BGC [-] 5.56 -7.01 7.00 4.08 0.00 0.775 0.244 0.448
CESM2 [-] 5.57 -7.05 6.82 2.03 0.00 0.337 0.749 0.356
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 6.44 -5.81 6.32 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.933 0.233
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 3.37 -7.05 7.11 2.03 0.00 0.804 0.749 0.589
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 6.85 -7.30 7.30 2.03 0.00 0.890 0.749 0.632
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 3.91 -6.82 6.75 1.02 0.00 0.491 0.933 0.479
MeanCMIP5 [-] 5.66 -5.94 5.88 0.00 0.561
MeanCMIP6 [-] 3.71 -6.77 6.71 1.02 0.00 0.766 0.933 0.616
MIROC-ESM [-] 2.14 -5.16 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.250
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 5.32 -7.30 7.30 3.07 0.00 0.891 0.494 0.569
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 1.31 -5.99 6.54 1.02 0.00 0.494 0.933 0.480
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.68 -7.17 7.10 1.02 0.00 0.754 0.933 0.610
NorESM1-ME [-] 6.83 -7.13 7.12 0.00 0.00 0.864 1.00 0.682
NorESM2-LM [-] 3.70 -7.14 7.14 2.03 0.00 0.608 0.749 0.491
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 3.64 -7.18 7.07 0.00 0.704
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 1.72 -7.30 7.30 2.03 0.00 0.891 0.749 0.633
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 6.92
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 8.49 1.57 3.69 5.10 0.339 0.00 0.0631 0.101
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 5.70 -1.21 2.28 2.03 0.488 0.327 0.749 0.473
CanESM2 [-] 6.31 -0.603 1.19 3.07 0.746 0.706 0.494 0.663
CanESM5 [-] 9.15 2.23 2.90 1.02 0.0614 0.473 0.933 0.485
CESM1-BGC [-] 11.5 4.59 5.55 4.08 0.00 0.442 0.244 0.282
CESM2 [-] 6.26 -0.660 1.39 3.02 0.722 0.560 0.506 0.587
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 12.6 5.72 5.89 5.10 0.00 0.381 0.0631 0.206
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 6.20 -0.713 1.29 3.07 0.700 0.653 0.494 0.625
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 10.0 3.11 3.39 1.02 0.00 0.736 0.933 0.601
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 6.54 -0.378 0.906 1.02 0.841 0.720 0.933 0.803
MeanCMIP5 [-] 9.80 2.91 2.65 5.10 0.00 0.764 0.0631 0.398
MeanCMIP6 [-] 7.47 0.552 1.07 3.02 0.767 0.755 0.506 0.696
MIROC-ESM [-] 9.13 2.21 2.30 1.02 0.0680 0.587 0.933 0.544
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 4.75 -2.16 2.49 2.03 0.0879 0.594 0.749 0.506
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 9.95 3.03 3.62 3.02 0.00 0.441 0.506 0.347
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 11.6 4.67 4.94 2.03 0.00 0.568 0.749 0.471
NorESM1-ME [-] 11.8 4.90 4.52 5.10 0.00 0.310 0.0631 0.171
NorESM2-LM [-] 6.35 -0.566 1.11 3.02 0.762 0.659 0.506 0.646
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 9.88 2.99 4.05 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.263 0.0656
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 10.1 3.15 3.37 4.00 0.00 0.658 0.263 0.395
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 3.58
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 2.23 -1.42 2.73 0.803 0.165 0.139 0.874 0.329
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 2.57 -0.934 2.60 1.04 0.229 0.134 0.834 0.333
CanESM2 [-] 2.27 -1.37 2.92 1.56 0.208 0.144 0.749 0.311
CanESM5 [-] 3.29 -0.396 2.70 1.10 0.316 0.137 0.827 0.354
CESM1-BGC [-] 2.45 -1.09 2.77 0.992 0.199 0.151 0.857 0.340
CESM2 [-] 2.48 -1.16 2.73 0.968 0.161 0.167 0.861 0.339
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 3.03 -0.614 3.20 0.979 0.229 0.0459 0.845 0.292
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 1.97 -1.51 2.93 1.05 0.163 0.127 0.819 0.309
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 3.85 0.535 3.32 1.04 0.266 0.0933 0.832 0.321
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.38 -1.37 2.76 0.875 0.164 0.171 0.875 0.346
MeanCMIP5 [-] 2.79 -0.805 2.37 0.883 0.250 0.214 0.840 0.380
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.65 -0.880 2.27 0.738 0.267 0.240 0.870 0.404
MIROC-ESM [-] 2.84 -0.746 2.60 0.892 0.260 0.142 0.873 0.354
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.88 -0.590 2.92 1.45 0.256 0.156 0.804 0.343
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 3.99 0.292 3.00 0.690 0.257 0.108 0.903 0.344
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.91 -0.378 2.82 0.903 0.254 0.105 0.868 0.333
NorESM1-ME [-] 2.73 -0.760 2.67 1.14 0.241 0.147 0.853 0.347
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.47 -1.11 2.67 1.02 0.165 0.183 0.857 0.347
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 2.33 -1.22 3.01 1.21 0.179 0.0820 0.818 0.290
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 2.56 -0.867 2.80 0.800 0.199 0.132 0.876 0.335
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 2.84
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 1.66 -1.11 2.17 0.193 0.163 0.141 0.984 0.357
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 2.19 -0.424 1.91 0.507 0.359 0.109 0.972 0.387
CanESM2 [-] 1.79 -0.936 2.36 1.13 0.183 0.117 0.850 0.317
CanESM5 [-] 2.40 -0.342 2.05 0.664 0.353 0.113 0.951 0.382
CESM1-BGC [-] 1.39 -1.41 2.61 0.741 0.0981 0.0476 0.959 0.288
CESM2 [-] 2.33 -0.426 2.14 0.521 0.266 0.132 0.968 0.374
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 2.50 -0.223 2.71 0.550 0.229 0.0394 0.960 0.317
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 1.71 -1.01 2.45 0.609 0.121 0.0792 0.913 0.298
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 3.71 0.887 2.82 0.631 0.412 0.0406 0.956 0.362
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 1.95 -0.994 2.15 0.441 0.184 0.124 0.966 0.350
MeanCMIP5 [-] 2.09 -0.734 1.87 0.349 0.227 0.215 0.959 0.404
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.28 -0.495 1.81 0.193 0.281 0.225 0.983 0.428
MIROC-ESM [-] 2.27 -0.708 2.22 0.754 0.221 0.149 0.952 0.368
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.84 0.236 2.68 1.18 0.248 0.108 0.929 0.348
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 3.00 0.256 2.21 0.185 0.402 0.112 0.986 0.403
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.41 -0.299 2.05 0.678 0.358 0.108 0.953 0.382
NorESM1-ME [-] 1.49 -1.27 2.55 1.39 0.106 0.0454 0.903 0.275
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.28 -0.446 2.16 0.629 0.247 0.134 0.966 0.370
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 1.58 -1.30 2.61 0.611 0.122 0.0799 0.940 0.306
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 2.19 -0.560 2.01 0.328 0.307 0.175 0.980 0.409
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 9.84
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 5.64 -4.20 5.48 2.70 0.00 0.246 0.576 0.267
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 5.44 -4.40 5.22 5.40 0.0538 0.241 0.0457 0.145
CanESM2 [-] 0.375 -9.46 9.59 5.06 0.00 0.517 0.109 0.285
CanESM5 [-] 3.29 -6.55 6.83 5.40 0.00 0.430 0.0457 0.226
CESM1-BGC [-] 7.51 -2.33 4.44 4.04 0.491 0.392 0.267 0.386
CESM2 [-] 5.64 -4.20 4.43 5.04 0.00 0.381 0.109 0.218
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 5.80 -4.04 5.67 4.41 0.00 0.00 0.192 0.0479
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 3.73 -6.11 7.22 4.74 0.00 0.212 0.129 0.138
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 6.17 -3.67 5.83 5.40 0.00 0.00 0.0457 0.0114
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 6.90 -2.94 3.33 3.72 0.00 0.421 0.417 0.315
MeanCMIP5 [-] 5.54 -4.32 4.86 5.04 0.00 0.258 0.175 0.173
MeanCMIP6 [-] 5.50 -4.34 4.71 5.06 0.00 0.427 0.109 0.241
MIROC-ESM [-] 6.24 -3.60 5.20 4.70 0.0209 0.00 0.129 0.0375
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 6.17 -3.67 4.04 4.07 0.00 0.431 0.272 0.283
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 4.06 -5.78 6.65 2.36 0.00 0.209 0.583 0.250
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 7.64 -2.12 4.97 5.57 0.171 0.00 0.0336 0.0510
NorESM1-ME [-] 8.31 -1.53 3.67 4.74 0.501 0.311 0.129 0.313
NorESM2-LM [-] 6.63 -3.21 3.43 5.04 0.00 0.482 0.109 0.268
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 8.55 -1.31 3.93 4.42 0.489 0.00 0.216 0.176
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 4.23 -5.61 6.88 4.04 0.00 0.0266 0.267 0.0801

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
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bcc-csm1-1
Data not available
Data not available
BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
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CanESM2
Data not available
Data not available
CanESM5
Data not available
Data not available
CESM1-BGC
Data not available
Data not available
CESM2
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM2G
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM5A-LR
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
Data not available
MeanCMIP5
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
Data not available
MIROC-ESM
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM-LR
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM1-ME
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM2-LM
Data not available
Data not available
UK-HadGEM2-ES
Data not available
Data not available
UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
Data not available

Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: GPP_DT_VUT_REF