Mean State

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Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 27.7
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 27.5 -0.134 3.37 1.02 0.937 0.00 0.933 0.467
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 28.0 1.93 2.88 1.02 0.0896 0.294 0.933 0.403
CanESM2 [-] 26.6 -0.296 2.34 2.03 0.860 0.0881 0.749 0.446
CanESM5 [-] 27.8 0.207 2.37 2.03 0.903 0.138 0.749 0.482
CESM1-BGC [-] 26.6 -0.932 2.16 2.03 0.561 0.180 0.749 0.418
CESM2 [-] 27.5 0.704 2.27 1.02 0.668 0.137 0.933 0.469
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 26.8 0.606 2.60 2.03 0.715 0.0681 0.749 0.400
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 26.4 0.123 2.11 1.02 0.942 0.221 0.933 0.579
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 25.6 -3.43 4.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.250
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 25.8 -0.889 1.75 1.02 0.581 0.320 0.933 0.538
MeanCMIP5 [-] 26.4 -0.885 1.35 0.583 0.393
MeanCMIP6 [-] 27.5 0.958 2.22 1.02 0.549 0.299 0.933 0.520
MIROC-ESM [-] 26.5 0.0157 2.17 1.02 0.993 0.187 0.933 0.575
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 27.6 1.47 3.26 1.02 0.306 0.131 0.933 0.375
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 26.9 0.269 2.46 0.00 0.873 0.134 1.00 0.536
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 27.6 2.33 3.34 0.00 0.00 0.185 1.00 0.343
NorESM1-ME [-] 25.7 -0.453 1.81 1.02 0.787 0.290 0.933 0.575
NorESM2-LM [-] 26.9 -0.564 2.63 0.00 0.734 0.0392 1.00 0.453
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 26.1 -1.64 2.01 0.230 0.232
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 28.1 2.46 3.20 0.00 0.00 0.340 1.00 0.420
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 25.6
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 27.5 1.85 2.21 1.02 0.00 0.685 0.933 0.576
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 27.5 1.84 2.01 1.02 0.00 0.758 0.933 0.612
CanESM2 [-] 24.9 -0.684 0.922 2.03 0.627 0.482 0.749 0.585
CanESM5 [-] 26.5 0.916 1.24 0.00 0.500 0.735 1.00 0.742
CESM1-BGC [-] 25.7 0.0276 0.854 1.02 0.985 0.621 0.933 0.790
CESM2 [-] 26.8 1.17 1.45 1.02 0.361 0.662 0.933 0.654
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 25.4 -0.247 0.986 0.00 0.865 0.550 1.00 0.741
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 26.2 0.621 1.11 1.02 0.661 0.656 0.933 0.726
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 26.0 0.379 0.759 0.00 0.793 0.754 1.00 0.825
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 26.3 0.711 1.02 0.00 0.612 0.711 1.00 0.759
MeanCMIP5 [-] 25.8 0.118 0.709 0.00 0.936 0.709 1.00 0.839
MeanCMIP6 [-] 26.8 1.14 1.42 0.00 0.379 0.784 1.00 0.737
MIROC-ESM [-] 24.6 -1.02 1.67 1.02 0.446 0.474 0.933 0.581
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 25.5 -0.0893 1.50 1.02 0.951 0.312 0.933 0.627
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 26.3 0.715 1.50 0.00 0.609 0.476 1.00 0.640
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 24.7 -0.974 1.29 1.02 0.468 0.595 0.933 0.648
NorESM1-ME [-] 24.8 -0.824 0.871 0.00 0.550 0.605 1.00 0.690
NorESM2-LM [-] 27.5 1.89 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.665 1.00 0.583
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 27.4 1.72 2.14 1.02 0.0627 0.629 0.933 0.563
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 27.0 1.40 1.66 0.00 0.237 0.732 1.00 0.675
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 8.05
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 10.1 0.0268 3.75 0.343 0.397 0.0922 0.974 0.389
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 9.97 -0.388 3.72 0.327 0.401 0.0888 0.976 0.389
CanESM2 [-] 12.2 2.52 4.73 0.366 0.244 0.0670 0.971 0.337
CanESM5 [-] 11.0 0.964 3.98 0.351 0.379 0.113 0.974 0.395
CESM1-BGC [-] 11.0 1.02 3.61 0.431 0.408 0.153 0.963 0.419
CESM2 [-] 11.9 1.80 3.91 0.463 0.274 0.146 0.965 0.383
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 9.89 -0.435 3.62 0.327 0.450 0.0833 0.975 0.398
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 9.43 -0.845 3.42 0.415 0.417 0.103 0.971 0.398
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 9.13 -0.877 3.68 0.415 0.424 0.111 0.966 0.403
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 9.81 -0.308 4.09 0.503 0.466 0.0873 0.964 0.401
MeanCMIP5 [-] 10.6 0.522 2.89 0.396 0.493 0.280 0.972 0.506
MeanCMIP6 [-] 10.8 0.686 2.90 0.336 0.502 0.272 0.977 0.505
MIROC-ESM [-] 12.0 2.31 4.16 0.327 0.212 0.150 0.977 0.372
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 12.2 2.23 4.44 0.327 0.279 0.0927 0.975 0.360
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 10.7 0.559 3.52 0.375 0.455 0.138 0.973 0.426
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 10.3 -0.00521 3.35 0.398 0.456 0.108 0.968 0.410
NorESM1-ME [-] 9.85 -0.228 3.60 0.374 0.465 0.118 0.969 0.418
NorESM2-LM [-] 11.9 1.85 3.85 0.527 0.294 0.150 0.963 0.389
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 10.6 0.260 4.08 0.410 0.446 0.0996 0.972 0.404
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 9.53 -0.573 3.86 0.367 0.431 0.0981 0.972 0.400
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 2.16
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 0.770 -1.08 4.02 0.251 0.440 0.0720 0.983 0.392
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 1.09 -0.964 3.93 0.251 0.467 0.0444 0.983 0.385
CanESM2 [-] 3.85 1.92 4.69 0.307 0.263 0.0284 0.979 0.325
CanESM5 [-] 2.28 0.248 3.82 0.279 0.524 0.115 0.981 0.434
CESM1-BGC [-] 3.24 1.21 4.07 0.168 0.336 0.109 0.989 0.386
CESM2 [-] 3.41 1.28 4.17 0.140 0.308 0.103 0.991 0.376
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 1.37 -0.381 3.83 0.223 0.551 0.0643 0.985 0.416
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 1.43 -0.736 3.74 0.279 0.523 0.0262 0.981 0.389
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 1.19 -0.678 4.07 0.307 0.434 0.0477 0.979 0.377
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.22 -0.0608 4.50 0.279 0.618 0.0124 0.981 0.406
MeanCMIP5 [-] 2.48 0.313 2.88 0.354 0.594 0.233 0.976 0.509
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.27 0.239 2.83 0.223 0.608 0.241 0.985 0.519
MIROC-ESM [-] 4.23 1.96 4.29 0.307 0.285 0.127 0.979 0.379
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 3.07 0.973 4.14 0.279 0.451 0.0270 0.981 0.371
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 2.40 0.228 3.56 0.279 0.604 0.0846 0.981 0.439
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 1.83 -0.105 3.61 0.223 0.473 0.0672 0.985 0.398
NorESM1-ME [-] 1.67 -0.605 3.92 0.279 0.476 0.0887 0.981 0.409
NorESM2-LM [-] 3.07 0.899 3.87 0.334 0.453 0.124 0.978 0.420
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 1.93 -0.767 4.74 0.382 0.469 0.0314 0.974 0.376
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 0.613 -1.47 4.00 0.307 0.444 0.0860 0.979 0.399
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 25.8
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 27.8 1.92 2.82 0.678 0.124 0.336 0.955 0.438
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 27.7 1.83 2.47 0.678 0.233 0.482 0.955 0.538
CanESM2 [-] 31.3 5.48 6.18 0.678 0.195 0.138 0.916 0.347
CanESM5 [-] 30.8 4.90 5.68 0.00 0.188 0.199 1.00 0.397
CESM1-BGC [-] 25.7 -0.106 1.14 1.70 0.594 0.631 0.688 0.636
CESM2 [-] 27.2 1.34 1.59 0.678 0.270 0.640 0.916 0.616
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 26.9 1.08 2.50 0.678 0.342 0.157 0.916 0.393
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 26.7 0.895 2.52 0.678 0.511 0.244 0.916 0.479
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 27.7 1.90 2.77 2.38 0.310 0.313 0.643 0.394
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 26.2 0.307 0.962 0.00 0.832 0.614 1.00 0.765
MeanCMIP5 [-] 27.4 1.51 1.92 0.678 0.216 0.559 0.955 0.572
MeanCMIP6 [-] 27.4 1.57 2.19 0.00 0.213 0.498 1.00 0.552
MIROC-ESM [-] 26.3 0.476 1.58 1.02 0.740 0.220 0.933 0.528
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 25.6 -0.204 1.62 1.36 0.688 0.231 0.833 0.495
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 29.0 3.13 3.93 1.02 0.00 0.269 0.933 0.368
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 27.2 1.39 2.61 2.02 0.241 0.247 0.667 0.351
NorESM1-ME [-] 24.3 -1.51 1.49 2.02 0.262 0.565 0.667 0.515
NorESM2-LM [-] 26.8 0.922 1.25 0.339 0.497 0.614 0.978 0.676
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 26.4 0.560 0.938 0.339 0.694 0.622 0.978 0.729
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 28.0 2.14 2.89 0.00 0.113 0.362 1.00 0.459

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
Data not available
MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
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bcc-csm1-1
Data not available
Data not available
BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
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CanESM2
Data not available
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CanESM5
Data not available
Data not available
CESM1-BGC
Data not available
Data not available
CESM2
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM2G
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM5A-LR
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
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MeanCMIP5
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM-LR
Data not available
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MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM1-ME
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM2-LM
Data not available
Data not available
UK-HadGEM2-ES
Data not available
Data not available
UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
Data not available

Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: TA_F