Mean State

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Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 54.2
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 37.1 9.37 27.1 0.00 0.402 0.00 1.00 0.350
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 42.8 26.0 33.4 2.03 0.00 0.209 0.749 0.292
CanESM2 [-] 36.2 -3.78 18.7 0.00 0.759 0.181 1.00 0.530
CanESM5 [-] 28.4 -1.98 19.4 0.00 0.874 0.113 1.00 0.525
CESM1-BGC [-] 27.9 -4.18 13.5 0.00 0.733 0.376 1.00 0.621
CESM2 [-] 35.7 7.07 15.8 0.00 0.548 0.303 1.00 0.539
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 27.6 -3.36 22.8 0.00 0.785 0.00 1.00 0.446
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 32.0 5.82 19.7 4.07 0.628 0.138 0.248 0.288
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 46.1 14.4 27.9 5.10 0.0808 0.00 0.0631 0.0360
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 40.3 9.34 17.4 3.05 0.403 0.332 0.498 0.391
MeanCMIP5 [-] 34.7 7.54 15.4 0.518 0.399
MeanCMIP6 [-] 37.1 8.84 17.6 0.00 0.435 0.309 1.00 0.514
MIROC-ESM [-] 37.5 31.2 40.8 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.498 0.124
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 24.9 6.19 20.9 3.05 0.605 0.126 0.498 0.338
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 31.4 22.6 35.0 4.07 0.00 0.00 0.248 0.0619
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 47.1 20.1 31.2 6.05 0.00 0.00 7.41e-05 1.85e-05
NorESM1-ME [-] 29.8 5.56 14.9 1.02 0.645 0.350 0.933 0.569
NorESM2-LM [-] 37.7 1.16 19.4 5.10 0.926 0.110 0.0631 0.302
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 38.0 1.89 13.6 0.879 0.392
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 50.7 12.2 13.6 0.00 0.222 0.530 1.00 0.570
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 46.2
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 31.2 -15.1 30.0 0.983 0.227 0.000386 0.937 0.291
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 35.3 -11.0 21.1 0.00 0.437 0.416 1.00 0.567
CanESM2 [-] 23.6 -22.6 20.4 0.00 0.00 0.513 1.00 0.506
CanESM5 [-] 14.2 -32.0 33.9 0.983 0.00 0.670 0.937 0.569
CESM1-BGC [-] 11.3 -35.0 36.8 0.983 0.00 0.719 0.937 0.594
CESM2 [-] 30.9 -15.3 19.0 0.983 0.215 0.622 0.937 0.599
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 8.91 -37.3 38.5 0.00 0.00 0.690 1.00 0.595
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 13.9 -32.4 32.7 0.983 0.00 0.678 0.937 0.573
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 31.5 -14.7 18.0 0.00 0.246 0.726 1.00 0.674
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 16.6 -29.6 29.9 0.00 0.00 0.705 1.00 0.602
MeanCMIP5 [-] 18.4 -28.2 28.2 1.02 0.00 0.726 0.933 0.596
MeanCMIP6 [-] 21.0 -25.3 26.2 0.983 0.00 0.723 0.937 0.596
MIROC-ESM [-] 22.2 -24.1 35.8 2.00 0.00 0.169 0.756 0.274
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 20.3 -25.9 34.0 0.983 0.00 0.00 0.937 0.234
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 20.3 -26.0 36.7 2.00 0.00 0.0378 0.756 0.208
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 13.6 -32.7 32.2 0.983 0.00 0.583 0.937 0.526
NorESM1-ME [-] 10.3 -35.9 34.6 2.00 0.00 0.642 0.756 0.510
NorESM2-LM [-] 33.0 -13.2 18.7 0.983 0.323 0.576 0.937 0.603
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 15.1 -31.5 32.0 1.02 0.00 0.577 0.933 0.522
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 14.1 -32.2 33.5 0.983 0.00 0.664 0.937 0.566
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 28.7
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 29.9 -3.44 31.4 1.60 0.327 0.0481 0.782 0.301
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 28.6 -5.77 31.5 1.88 0.296 0.0567 0.717 0.281
CanESM2 [-] 37.4 4.60 31.0 1.63 0.378 0.0670 0.757 0.317
CanESM5 [-] 28.0 -4.32 26.4 1.50 0.373 0.128 0.813 0.360
CESM1-BGC [-] 29.1 -2.49 26.9 1.40 0.414 0.0930 0.822 0.356
CESM2 [-] 34.3 2.02 25.4 1.20 0.413 0.137 0.862 0.387
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 21.6 -11.5 29.7 1.25 0.188 0.0840 0.831 0.297
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 18.6 -15.6 30.2 1.72 0.118 0.111 0.749 0.272
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 31.6 -2.34 29.9 1.26 0.262 0.0753 0.831 0.311
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 29.4 -2.52 26.4 1.71 0.375 0.113 0.762 0.341
MeanCMIP5 [-] 29.5 -3.74 24.5 1.26 0.357 0.159 0.840 0.379
MeanCMIP6 [-] 28.0 -5.16 23.8 1.43 0.366 0.175 0.802 0.380
MIROC-ESM [-] 33.0 0.880 33.1 1.78 0.362 0.0377 0.748 0.296
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 21.1 -12.0 28.6 1.63 0.250 0.0939 0.751 0.297
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 23.5 -9.52 31.4 1.68 0.192 0.0744 0.748 0.272
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 32.6 -3.03 31.6 1.67 0.314 0.0619 0.747 0.296
NorESM1-ME [-] 27.1 -4.54 25.9 1.42 0.384 0.0981 0.808 0.347
NorESM2-LM [-] 34.4 2.23 26.1 1.50 0.366 0.117 0.779 0.345
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 31.8 -1.12 27.8 1.51 0.378 0.0920 0.755 0.329
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 28.1 -5.24 25.1 1.30 0.343 0.133 0.818 0.357
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 18.6
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 9.28 -8.53 26.9 1.32 0.262 0.0593 0.853 0.308
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 7.63 -9.81 27.7 1.87 0.206 0.0654 0.765 0.275
CanESM2 [-] 17.3 -0.301 24.6 1.18 0.498 0.0719 0.867 0.377
CanESM5 [-] 11.4 -6.35 21.8 1.10 0.253 0.189 0.937 0.392
CESM1-BGC [-] 15.0 -1.91 26.0 1.32 0.554 0.0501 0.880 0.383
CESM2 [-] 16.6 -0.752 20.9 1.10 0.504 0.166 0.929 0.441
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 5.76 -11.7 25.5 0.798 0.165 0.125 0.936 0.338
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 4.96 -13.9 26.5 0.908 0.108 0.129 0.919 0.321
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 12.2 -4.43 26.1 0.660 0.323 0.0455 0.956 0.342
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 16.8 -0.445 23.1 1.29 0.493 0.0984 0.884 0.393
MeanCMIP5 [-] 13.2 -4.52 20.5 1.11 0.398 0.150 0.871 0.392
MeanCMIP6 [-] 11.6 -6.18 20.5 0.908 0.306 0.212 0.934 0.416
MIROC-ESM [-] 16.6 -0.882 29.2 1.76 0.494 0.0251 0.844 0.347
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 5.38 -13.9 25.8 0.936 0.112 0.158 0.893 0.330
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 5.79 -10.9 25.5 1.10 0.140 0.125 0.921 0.328
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 8.95 -6.62 24.4 0.714 0.404 0.111 0.968 0.399
NorESM1-ME [-] 15.6 -2.27 23.3 1.13 0.508 0.0721 0.928 0.395
NorESM2-LM [-] 16.9 -1.74 21.2 0.854 0.449 0.158 0.943 0.427
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 18.5 -0.513 25.0 0.901 0.423 0.0709 0.894 0.365
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 13.3 -5.07 21.9 0.743 0.311 0.147 0.945 0.388
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 21.4
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 80.4 59.0 70.9 0.339 0.00 0.00 0.975 0.244
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 50.7 29.4 42.6 0.339 0.329 0.198 0.975 0.425
CanESM2 [-] 95.3 73.9 81.2 1.02 0.00 0.0249 0.933 0.246
CanESM5 [-] 76.5 55.1 69.7 0.678 0.00 0.00 0.958 0.240
CESM1-BGC [-] 23.9 2.54 19.9 2.02 0.862 0.278 0.623 0.510
CESM2 [-] 45.3 24.0 30.4 0.00 0.199 0.325 1.00 0.462
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 51.4 30.1 46.0 1.02 0.00 0.0781 0.933 0.272
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 38.5 17.2 33.0 2.69 0.129 0.0928 0.581 0.224
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 80.8 59.5 71.7 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.310 0.0775
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 28.1 6.71 14.6 0.678 0.610 0.559 0.958 0.671
MeanCMIP5 [-] 61.6 40.2 45.7 1.02 0.00 0.226 0.933 0.346
MeanCMIP6 [-] 41.5 20.1 30.7 0.678 0.287 0.267 0.958 0.445
MIROC-ESM [-] 51.8 30.4 46.4 0.339 0.00 0.00 0.975 0.244
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 5.05 -16.3 31.2 0.678 0.477 0.210 0.958 0.464
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 87.3 65.9 79.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.250
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 27.1 5.76 36.9 2.69 0.285 0.0829 0.581 0.258
NorESM1-ME [-] 18.3 -3.10 17.6 2.69 0.748 0.385 0.581 0.525
NorESM2-LM [-] 43.4 22.1 27.9 0.678 0.0977 0.372 0.958 0.450
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 21.6 0.104 14.1 2.69 0.733 0.457 0.579 0.556
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 38.1 16.7 31.4 2.69 0.207 0.109 0.581 0.251

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
Data not available
MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
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bcc-csm1-1
Data not available
Data not available
BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
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CanESM2
Data not available
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CanESM5
Data not available
Data not available
CESM1-BGC
Data not available
Data not available
CESM2
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM2G
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM5A-LR
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
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MeanCMIP5
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
Data not available
MIROC-ESM
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM-LR
Data not available
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MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM1-ME
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM2-LM
Data not available
Data not available
UK-HadGEM2-ES
Data not available
Data not available
UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
Data not available

Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: H_F_MDS