Mean State

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Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 0.312
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 1.28 0.965 4.38 0.0431 0.822 0.734 0.997 0.822
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] -1.39 -1.70 4.59 0.0861 0.830 0.707 0.994 0.809
CanESM5 [-] -0.538 -0.850 4.57 0.0861 0.848 0.699 0.994 0.810
CESM2 [-] 0.859 0.547 4.27 0.129 0.874 0.716 0.991 0.825
GFDL-ESM4 [-] -0.612 -0.925 4.08 0.0431 0.869 0.732 0.997 0.832
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] -1.06 -1.37 5.29 0.129 0.860 0.674 0.991 0.800
MeanCMIP6 [-] 0.375 0.0625 3.29 0.0431 0.865 0.781 0.997 0.856
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.27 1.95 4.65 0.128 0.805 0.729 0.991 0.814
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 0.694 0.382 3.89 0.0854 0.881 0.727 0.994 0.832
NorESM2-LM [-] 0.841 0.529 4.19 0.128 0.884 0.718 0.991 0.828
UKESM1-0-LL [-] -1.68 -2.00 4.89 0.0431 0.825 0.682 0.997 0.796
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Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 10.4
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 12.0 1.64 3.87 0.372 0.713 0.667 0.973 0.755
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 10.2 -0.205 3.71 0.430 0.770 0.645 0.961 0.755
CanESM5 [-] 11.1 0.758 3.89 0.468 0.750 0.644 0.962 0.750
CESM2 [-] 12.1 1.70 3.74 0.589 0.727 0.671 0.959 0.757
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 9.64 -0.746 3.35 0.322 0.780 0.658 0.972 0.767
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 10.0 -0.344 3.78 0.503 0.777 0.652 0.962 0.761
MeanCMIP6 [-] 10.9 0.557 2.89 0.382 0.794 0.721 0.966 0.801
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 12.3 1.90 4.02 0.325 0.725 0.657 0.969 0.752
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 10.5 0.164 3.37 0.398 0.782 0.659 0.970 0.767
NorESM2-LM [-] 12.1 1.69 3.86 0.629 0.731 0.660 0.957 0.752
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 9.72 -0.666 3.98 0.478 0.760 0.630 0.958 0.744
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Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 21.6
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 22.1 0.467 2.58 0.109 0.834 0.585 0.993 0.749
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 21.8 0.159 2.21 0.785 0.840 0.628 0.882 0.744
CanESM5 [-] 22.3 0.722 2.89 0.565 0.780 0.568 0.963 0.720
CESM2 [-] 21.8 0.210 2.40 0.109 0.802 0.605 0.993 0.751
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 21.6 -0.0164 2.24 0.230 0.889 0.609 0.985 0.773
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 20.4 -1.21 2.60 0.335 0.764 0.582 0.965 0.723
MeanCMIP6 [-] 21.6 0.0284 1.76 0.567 0.879 0.680 0.896 0.784
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 23.2 1.55 3.13 0.783 0.700 0.587 0.949 0.706
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 22.7 1.08 2.86 0.456 0.732 0.600 0.970 0.725
NorESM2-LM [-] 22.3 0.663 2.60 0.550 0.834 0.583 0.964 0.741
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 21.1 -0.494 2.52 0.900 0.779 0.616 0.887 0.724
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 18.1
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 18.2 0.0754 2.94 0.874 0.809 0.681 0.942 0.778
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 16.9 -1.17 2.98 0.867 0.841 0.669 0.943 0.780
CanESM5 [-] 17.0 -1.08 3.41 0.874 0.813 0.629 0.942 0.754
CESM2 [-] 19.4 1.31 3.19 1.01 0.809 0.674 0.933 0.772
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 15.5 -2.64 3.73 0.874 0.679 0.666 0.942 0.738
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 13.8 -4.26 4.59 1.01 0.527 0.691 0.933 0.710
MeanCMIP6 [-] 17.0 -1.09 2.67 0.874 0.848 0.705 0.942 0.800
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 19.1 0.949 3.62 0.726 0.845 0.611 0.952 0.755
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 17.0 -1.07 3.24 0.874 0.802 0.634 0.942 0.753
NorESM2-LM [-] 19.4 1.26 3.34 1.01 0.763 0.679 0.933 0.763
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 16.8 -1.35 3.08 0.874 0.805 0.686 0.942 0.780
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 7.88
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 9.77 1.89 3.88 0.261 0.775 0.701 0.981 0.790
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 7.16 -0.719 3.82 0.306 0.829 0.654 0.979 0.779
CanESM5 [-] 8.92 1.04 3.80 0.451 0.809 0.688 0.970 0.788
CESM2 [-] 9.62 1.75 3.74 0.756 0.779 0.701 0.949 0.782
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 6.72 -1.15 3.35 0.175 0.806 0.700 0.988 0.798
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 7.78 -0.0943 3.91 0.437 0.809 0.670 0.971 0.780
MeanCMIP6 [-] 8.28 0.402 2.75 0.233 0.857 0.754 0.984 0.838
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 10.0 2.14 4.13 0.146 0.753 0.701 0.990 0.786
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 7.26 -0.617 3.33 0.335 0.843 0.696 0.977 0.803
NorESM2-LM [-] 9.61 1.73 3.63 0.815 0.792 0.699 0.945 0.784
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 6.90 -0.972 4.21 0.378 0.833 0.626 0.975 0.765
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 25.3
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 27.2 1.91 2.03 0.00 0.0213 0.230 1.00 0.370
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 27.4 2.09 2.44 6.05 0.0148 0.171 7.41e-05 0.0891
CanESM5 [-] 28.4 3.11 3.30 5.10 0.00191 0.132 0.0631 0.0820
CESM2 [-] 27.0 1.72 1.97 0.00 0.0310 0.261 1.00 0.388
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 26.5 1.18 1.63 5.10 0.0918 0.140 0.0631 0.109
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 25.7 0.412 0.622 0.00 0.434 0.341 1.00 0.529
MeanCMIP6 [-] 27.2 1.91 2.13 5.10 0.0210 0.246 0.0631 0.144
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 26.6 1.29 1.27 6.05 0.0741 0.265 7.41e-05 0.151
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 25.9 0.564 0.942 0.00 0.319 0.251 1.00 0.455
NorESM2-LM [-] 27.1 1.85 2.24 0.00 0.0239 0.179 1.00 0.345
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 26.9 1.57 1.75 5.10 0.0422 0.333 0.0631 0.193
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Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 24.5
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 26.8 2.26 3.37 0.630 0.385 0.466 0.947 0.566
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 26.2 1.64 2.55 0.921 0.471 0.533 0.922 0.615
CanESM5 [-] 26.5 1.93 3.19 0.582 0.476 0.459 0.956 0.588
CESM2 [-] 26.4 1.86 2.52 0.871 0.437 0.531 0.926 0.606
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 24.9 0.356 2.06 0.581 0.674 0.468 0.956 0.642
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 24.8 0.227 1.79 0.678 0.706 0.510 0.921 0.662
MeanCMIP6 [-] 26.0 1.44 2.11 0.533 0.512 0.585 0.965 0.662
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 26.1 1.55 2.63 0.821 0.514 0.486 0.910 0.599
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 26.0 1.51 2.67 0.871 0.471 0.459 0.914 0.576
NorESM2-LM [-] 26.2 1.66 2.41 0.825 0.474 0.507 0.934 0.606
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 25.4 0.884 2.29 0.681 0.585 0.502 0.935 0.631
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] -8.75
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] -10.1 -1.36 4.95 0.383 0.778 0.695 0.974 0.786
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] -12.0 -3.24 6.55 0.00 0.701 0.648 1.00 0.749
CanESM5 [-] -10.5 -1.71 5.58 0.129 0.745 0.645 0.991 0.757
CESM2 [-] -9.02 -0.273 5.88 0.258 0.749 0.652 0.983 0.759
GFDL-ESM4 [-] -9.92 -1.17 4.51 0.129 0.850 0.703 0.991 0.812
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] -8.87 -0.116 5.14 0.129 0.836 0.681 0.991 0.797
MeanCMIP6 [-] -10.3 -1.57 4.43 0.129 0.783 0.736 0.991 0.812
MIROC-ESM2L [-] -8.58 0.168 4.81 0.00 0.871 0.672 1.00 0.804
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] -10.9 -2.15 5.82 0.254 0.723 0.683 0.983 0.768
NorESM2-LM [-] -9.25 -0.496 6.50 0.385 0.746 0.638 0.974 0.749
UKESM1-0-LL [-] -13.8 -5.06 6.44 0.00 0.632 0.676 1.00 0.746
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [degC]
Bias [degC]
RMSE [degC]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 11.6
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 13.7 2.13 4.07 0.539 0.698 0.688 0.962 0.759
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 12.1 0.560 3.70 0.309 0.787 0.661 0.979 0.772
CanESM5 [-] 12.6 1.03 4.00 0.440 0.746 0.663 0.971 0.761
CESM2 [-] 14.1 2.50 4.00 0.570 0.710 0.690 0.962 0.763
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 11.1 -0.496 3.53 0.344 0.762 0.665 0.977 0.767
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 11.7 0.0741 3.73 0.701 0.769 0.680 0.953 0.771
MeanCMIP6 [-] 12.7 1.07 3.18 0.440 0.796 0.727 0.971 0.805
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 13.7 2.06 4.30 0.180 0.727 0.660 0.988 0.759
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 12.3 0.696 3.37 0.393 0.799 0.676 0.974 0.781
NorESM2-LM [-] 14.1 2.51 4.45 0.570 0.694 0.668 0.962 0.748
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 11.7 0.135 4.03 0.489 0.738 0.654 0.967 0.753

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
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ANNUAL CYCLE
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MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
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ACCESS-ESM1-5
Data not available
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BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
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CanESM5
Data not available
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CESM2
Data not available
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GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
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IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
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MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
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NorESM2-LM
Data not available
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UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
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Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: TA_F